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While perusing an old photography magazine on Archive.org I found an early predecessor to the Sunny 16 rule we use today. The magazine was published in the Summer of 1937. We can learn a lot about photography from looking at this table. For one many of the shutter speeds will look somewhat different than we are used to. Modern shutters use fractions like this: 1/1000, 1/500, 1/250, 1/125, 1/60, 1/30, 1/15, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2. If you picked up a camera of this era, for one, the shortest speed: 1/1000'th would have been a fancy camera. Many cameras of the era maxed out at 1/300, or 1/400. Most cameras also used a slightly different scale too: instead of the more modern 1/4 they veered to 1/5 and went up from there to 1/10, 1/25, 1/50, 1/100, 1/200, 1/400. Another thing to note (go to the original magazine article, link supplied) and you will see a wide variety of films. None of the films listed exist today. Most of the companies are now only footnotes in photographic history. And

There are two competing variables in making a properly exposed negative (actually three I guess if you count film speed.) But if you're just getting started with film photography you may have heard of reciprocity as it pertains to exposure. By the way reciprocity should not be mistaken for a shortening of reciprocity failure as I often hear people mis-speak. Reciprocity is the relationship between the length of time of an exposure and the light coming in through the lens controlled by the aperture. In theory, (and usually in practice) doubling the time of an exposure and halfing the light coming in will result the exact same density negative or transparency. For example, if you meter (or using the " Sunny 16" rule ) an exposure as say f16 at 1/125th , your negs would be exposed* exactly the same as if you used: f32 @ 1/30th f22 @ 1/60th f16 @ 1/125th f11 @ 1/250th f8 @ 1/500th f5.6 @ 1/1000th Note I said exposed exactly the same , not look exactly the

When I first started photographing, as a teenager in the early 1980's literally everybody used a film camera. All sorts of films, color and black and white could be purchased from convenience stores, drug stores, supermarkets, by mail order, or most likely at one of the ubiquitous One Hour Photo shops. You could get Disc film , 110 , 127 , 120 , 220 , and sheet film locally in San Jose where I grew up, as well as in most any city of a certain size. For those of you just getting in to photography, you might find the notion of metering light for exposure difficult. Your iPhone's camera not only do a great job of metering and exposing, but you also have the advantage of being able to instantly see the results and correct if needed. But in the century plus of history where film was king, there were a lot of tricks folks came up with to make exposure easy. Back in the 1980's there would typically be a small sheet of paper folded up in the film box with a bunch of information

Here's a sheet I got from writing ORWO Technischer Kundendienst back in the 1980's. It lists development times for all the ORWO Black and White films sold for export at the time (NP15, NP22, NP 27) combined with western developers Microphen, Atomal, Rodinal, Refinal, D-76, & ID-11. A little bit of ORWO history- Germany's big photo film/paper manufacturer up until Germany's losing WWII was AGFA (short for  A ktien G esellschaft F ür A nilinfabrikation - or corporation for some sort of plastic manufacture.) Germany was occupied by the winning powers USSR/USA/GB/FR and the rift between the USSR led to some complications for industries. Depending on your view of history the US and western allies were much friendlier to the land they occupied (remember the USSR lost many millions of their citizens to the NAZIs which made them much less tolerant.) In any case, some factories in the east moved to the west with many key employees. Most photo enthusiasts know of the t

AGFA - Gevaert Film Data Sheet (ca. 1960's?) I'm ashamed to admit some details of where this data sheet came from. I think it might have been in a pile of old sheet films my uncle Erik gave me 15 years or so ago. Sad thing is, since I could get modern films easily and relatively inexpensively, I think I ended up tossing out the films. I'm such an idiot! What this may be useful for is anybody who finds any of the following films in a freezer somewhere: Agfa Gevaert IP15, IP 21, IC 22, IP 24, IP 27, or IP R. The data sheet has development times for then popular developers such as Atomal, Refinal, Rodinal, Perufin S. Atomal and Rodinal are still around, I don't know anything about Perufin S, and Refinal sounds familiar. Happy developing! Agfa, sheet film, planfilm, data sheet, developing times, IP15, IP 21, IC 22, IP 24, IP 27, IP R, 4x5, 5x7, 8x10, 10x12, 13x18, 20x25, Atomal, Refinal, Rodinal, Perufin S, Pancrhomatic, Orthochromatic